Question 1

In mammalian kidneys, blood in the vasa recta and fluid in the loop of Henle flow in opposite directions to create a ____________ multiplier system.

Accepted Answer

A)  reversible
B)  homeostatic
C)  countercurrent
D)  exponentialE) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 2

The kidneys are both protected and held in place by cushions of fat.In cases of rapid weight loss, the kidneys may drop to a lower position, possibly causing kinks in a nearby tubular organ.If this happens, urine will back up into the kidneys, severely damaging them.What organ(s)  is/are most-likely kinked in this situation?

Accepted Answer

A)  urethra
B)  renal arteries
C)  ureters
D)  renal veinsE) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 3

According to the above figure, which letter corresponds to the area where amino acids are most likely to be reabsorbed?

Accepted Answer

A)  A
B)  B
C)  C
D)  DE) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 4

A doctor suspects his patient has diabetes insipidus.What is the most likely match to the blood and urine profile of this patient?

Accepted Answer

A)  A
B)  B
C)  C
D)  DE) A) and B)
F) None of the above C

Question 5

You put a solution of sucrose into a bag of dialysis tubing, which is permeable to water but not to sucrose.You then put this bag into a beaker of water.An hour later, you observe that the bag has swelled due to

Accepted Answer

A)  the high osmolarity of the surrounding water.
B)  passive transport of sucrose molecules.
C)  the osmotic pressure of the sucrose solution.
D)  the pressure exerted on the bag by the surrounding water.E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 6

Jill is lost in the desert and ran out of water six hours ago.What physiological effect or response would most likely occur in this situation?

Accepted Answer

A)  decreased thirst sensation
B)  decreased release of ADH from the posterior pituitary
C)  increased permeability of the collecting ducts in the kidney
D)  increased release of atrial natriuretic hormoneE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 7

The adrenal hormone, aldosterone, regulates kidney function by

Accepted Answer

A)  increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to salt.
B)  increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to urea.
C)  stimulating active reabsorption of sodium, decreasing its excretion.
D)  triggering a sensation of thirst.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C) C

Question 8

The kidneys are important homeostatic organs, contributing to maintenance of all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  ion concentration of extracellular fluids.
B)  blood pressure.
C)  destruction of worn-out red blood cells.
D)  blood volume.E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 9

Each human kidney contains about a million ______________, which are the tubular functional units of the kidney.

Accepted Answer

A)  ureters
B)  nephrons
C)  nephridia
D)  flame cellsE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 10

The diffusion of water across a plasma membrane is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  active transport.
B)  osmosis.
C)  countercurrent flow.
D)  facilitated diffusion.E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 11

Connor decides to celebrate his 21st birthday by drinking a few beers at a local sports bar.After a while, Connor notices that he is making many more trips to the men's room than the week before, when he drank similar amounts of carbonated water.Why is that?

Accepted Answer

A)  Alcohol stimulates secretion of ions into the nephron and water follows by osmosis.
B)  Alcohol stimulates filtration of the blood plasma by the glomeruli.
C)  Alcohol inhibits the secretion of ADH by the posterior pituitary gland, thereby decreasing water reabsorption.
D)  Alcohol inhibits reabsorption of sugars, amino acids and other small metabolites, which decreases reabsorption of water.E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 12

Select the incorrectly-matched organism and its primary nitrogenous waste product.

Accepted Answer

A)  mammals-urea
B)  reptiles-uric acid
C)  most fish-ammonia
D)  insects-ammoniaE) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 13

All of the following are animal mechanisms to cope with the problem of water balance EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  coupling of water/salt removal with metabolic waste removal.
B)  secretion of regulatory hormones into the tubule.
C)  kidneys used as filtering organs.
D)  passage of water and waste of the body across a layer of cells into a tubular structure.E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 14

Gary has a kidney stone lodged in his ureter.Where will the radiologist find the kidney stone on an x-ray?

Accepted Answer

A)  between the bladder and the outside of the body
B)  between a kidney and the bladder
C)  between a Bowman's capsule and a loop of Henle
D)  between the end of a nephron and the renal pelvisE) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

Question 15

Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers.This means that

Accepted Answer

A)  the osmolarity of their body fluids is equal to that of the osmoregulators who inhabit the same environments.
B)  that their body fluids contain the exact same solutes in the same concentration as their surroundings.
C)  the osmolarity of their body fluids is the same as their seawater environment.
D)  that their body fluids contain the exact same solutes in the same concentration as their cells.E) B) and D)
F) B) and C) C

Question 16

Each nephron of the kidney consists of a long tubule and associated small blood vessels.Blood cells and plasma proteins are too large to enter with the glomerular filtrate.What is the correct path for the filtrate to follow through the nephron in the production of urine?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bowman's capsule  →\rightarrow→ distal convoluted tubule  →\rightarrow→  loop of Henle  →\rightarrow→  proximal convoluted tubule  →\rightarrow→  collecting duct
B)  Bowman's capsule  →\rightarrow→  proximal convoluted tubule  →\rightarrow→  loop of Henle →\rightarrow→ distal convoluted tubule  →\rightarrow→ collecting duct
C)  Bowman's capsule  →\rightarrow→  loop of Henle  →\rightarrow→  proximal convoluted tubule  →\rightarrow→ distal convoluted tubule  →\rightarrow→  collecting duct
D)  Bowman's capsule  →\rightarrow→  collecting duct  →\rightarrow→ proximal convoluted tubule  →\rightarrow→ loop of Henle  →\rightarrow→  distal convoluted tubule E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 17

Marine reptiles eliminate excess NaCl by means of _____________ located near the nose or the eye.

Accepted Answer

A)  Malpighian tubules
B)  antennal glands
C)  salt glands
D)  protonephridiaE) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 18

Select the incorrectly-matched osmoregulatory organ and the organism that uses it.

Accepted Answer

A)  Malpighian tubules-insects
B)  antennal glands-mollusks
C)  protonephridia-flatworms
D)  nephridia-annelidsE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 19

In vertebrates, most of the fluid that ultimately exits the body as urine first enters the nephron tubules by the process of ____________.

Accepted Answer

A)  absorption
B)  excretion
C)  filtration
D)  reabsorptionE) A) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 20

According to the above figure, which letter corresponds to the lowest tubular fluid osmolarity under normal conditions?

Accepted Answer

A)  A
B)  B
C)  C
D)  DE) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Exam 50: Osmotic Regulation and the Urinary System

In mammalian kidneys, blood in the vasa recta and fluid in the loop of Henle flow in opposite directions to create a ____________ multiplier system.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

According to the above figure, which letter corresponds to the area where amino acids are most likely to be reabsorbed?

Correct Answer
verified

A doctor suspects his patient has diabetes insipidus.What is the most likely match to the blood and urine profile of this patient?

Correct Answer
verified
C

You put a solution of sucrose into a bag of dialysis tubing, which is permeable to water but not to sucrose.You then put this bag into a beaker of water.An hour later, you observe that the bag has swelled due to

Correct Answer
verified

Jill is lost in the desert and ran out of water six hours ago.What physiological effect or response would most likely occur in this situation?

Correct Answer
verified

The adrenal hormone, aldosterone, regulates kidney function by

Correct Answer
verified
C

The kidneys are important homeostatic organs, contributing to maintenance of all of the following EXCEPT

Correct Answer
verified

Each human kidney contains about a million ______________, which are the tubular functional units of the kidney.

Correct Answer
verified

The diffusion of water across a plasma membrane is referred to as

Correct Answer
verified

Connor decides to celebrate his 21st birthday by drinking a few beers at a local sports bar.After a while, Connor notices that he is making many more trips to the men's room than the week before, when he drank similar amounts of carbonated water.Why is that?

Correct Answer
verified

Select the incorrectly-matched organism and its primary nitrogenous waste product.

Correct Answer
verified

All of the following are animal mechanisms to cope with the problem of water balance EXCEPT

Correct Answer
verified

Gary has a kidney stone lodged in his ureter.Where will the radiologist find the kidney stone on an x-ray?

Correct Answer
verified

Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers.This means that

Correct Answer
verified
C

Each nephron of the kidney consists of a long tubule and associated small blood vessels.Blood cells and plasma proteins are too large to enter with the glomerular filtrate.What is the correct path for the filtrate to follow through the nephron in the production of urine?

Correct Answer
verified

Marine reptiles eliminate excess NaCl by means of _____________ located near the nose or the eye.

Correct Answer
verified

Select the incorrectly-matched osmoregulatory organ and the organism that uses it.

Correct Answer
verified

In vertebrates, most of the fluid that ultimately exits the body as urine first enters the nephron tubules by the process of ____________.

Correct Answer
verified

According to the above figure, which letter corresponds to the lowest tubular fluid osmolarity under normal conditions?

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 50: Osmotic Regulation and the Urinary System

In mammalian kidneys, blood in the vasa recta and fluid in the loop of Henle flow in opposite directions to create a ____________ multiplier system.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the above figure, which letter corresponds to the area where amino acids are most likely to be reabsorbed?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A doctor suspects his patient has diabetes insipidus.What is the most likely match to the blood and urine profile of this patient?

Correct AnswerverifiedC

You put a solution of sucrose into a bag of dialysis tubing, which is permeable to water but not to sucrose.You then put this bag into a beaker of water.An hour later, you observe that the bag has swelled due to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Jill is lost in the desert and ran out of water six hours ago.What physiological effect or response would most likely occur in this situation?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The adrenal hormone, aldosterone, regulates kidney function by

Correct AnswerverifiedC

The kidneys are important homeostatic organs, contributing to maintenance of all of the following EXCEPT

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Each human kidney contains about a million ______________, which are the tubular functional units of the kidney.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The diffusion of water across a plasma membrane is referred to as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Connor decides to celebrate his 21st birthday by drinking a few beers at a local sports bar.After a while, Connor notices that he is making many more trips to the men's room than the week before, when he drank similar amounts of carbonated water.Why is that?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Select the incorrectly-matched organism and its primary nitrogenous waste product.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

All of the following are animal mechanisms to cope with the problem of water balance EXCEPT

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Gary has a kidney stone lodged in his ureter.Where will the radiologist find the kidney stone on an x-ray?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers.This means that

Correct AnswerverifiedC

Each nephron of the kidney consists of a long tubule and associated small blood vessels.Blood cells and plasma proteins are too large to enter with the glomerular filtrate.What is the correct path for the filtrate to follow through the nephron in the production of urine?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Marine reptiles eliminate excess NaCl by means of _____________ located near the nose or the eye.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Select the incorrectly-matched osmoregulatory organ and the organism that uses it.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In vertebrates, most of the fluid that ultimately exits the body as urine first enters the nephron tubules by the process of ____________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the above figure, which letter corresponds to the lowest tubular fluid osmolarity under normal conditions?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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C

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C

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C

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