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Eagly and Wood (1999) find that cultures with high gender equality exhibit smaller sex differences in mating preferences based on earning potential.

A) True
B) False

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The study of biological mechanisms that guide whether or not certain genes get expressed or activated is called ______.


A) epigenetics
B) metagenetics
C) eugenics
D) genetics

E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

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According to evolutionary psychology in what contexts should sex differences emerge?


A) in domains in which women and men historically faced different adaptive problems
B) for behaviors that are rewarded differently for men and women by cultures
C) in traits that only helped males or females attract as many mates as possible
D) for capacities that helped detect predators and immediate threats in the environment

E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

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In a review of longitudinal studies, White, Hughto and Reisner (2016) found what effects of hormone treatments among Transwomen and Transmen?


A) Transmen showed significant declines in their physical health.
B) Both Transmen and Transwomen showed significant decreases in anxiety and depression.
C) Transwomen showed increased rates of depression while Transmen showed decreased rates.
D) Hormone treatments had no effects on mental health.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and D)

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According to evolutionary psychology, a primary reproductive problem men have adapted to is paternity uncertainty.

A) True
B) False

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Most scientists today agree that nurture rather than nature is the primary factor influencing sex and gender.

A) True
B) False

Correct Answer

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The complex series of processes that unfolds as embryos transition into an individual with male, female, or intersex genitalia is called ______.


A) sex selection
B) sex differentiation
C) gender assignment
D) genderization

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Ruigrok et al., (2014) found that, compared to women, men tend to show greater volume in the left amygdala (a part of the limbic system involved in processing and expressing emotions, especially fear) . What can be concluded from this finding?


A) Sex differences in fear expression are more driven by nature than nurture.
B) That men tend to have better memories of highly emotional experiences.
C) Men will generally feel more afraid than women.
D) This finding alone is not indicative of any meaningful sex differences in emotional experiences.

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

Correct Answer

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According to biosocial constructionist theory, sex differences in traits related to warmth and assertiveness emerge from how societies divide labor.

A) True
B) False

Correct Answer

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What outcome does biosocial constructionist theory predict decreases in physically demanding jobs and increases in cognitively oriented jobs to have upon sex differences?


A) It should reinforce gender stereotypes as women and men are free to pursue their preferences.
B) Women should see increases in their intellectual abilities relative to men.
C) Men should become more competitive as the job market is more saturated.
D) Expectations for women to stay in child rearing and nurturing social roles should decrease.

E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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White, Hughto, and Reisner's (2016) longitudinal study of transgender people seeking gender confirmation procedures found that initiating hormone treatments increased anxiety and depression symptoms.

A) True
B) False

Correct Answer

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Genetic males with complete androgen insensitivity typically develop a female gender identity.

A) True
B) False

Correct Answer

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The Meyer-Bahlburg (2005) study of genetic males who were raised as female found that ______.


A) .6% experienced symptoms of gender dysphoria
B) they were 37 times more likely to be transgender than the U.S. population as a whole
C) most failed to develop the female gender identity they were socialized to adopt
D) chromosomes and hormones are a more dominant influence upon gender identity than socialization

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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According to evolutionary psychology which quality should both sexes be equally likely to rate as essential in a mate?


A) assertiveness
B) kindness
C) attractiveness
D) social status

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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Does the existence of sex differences in brain structure necessitate a stronger role of nature than nurture in causing these differences? Explain why or why not. Discuss both neural plasticity and the insights of neuroscientist Lise Eliot's book, Pink Brain, Blue Brain, in your answer.

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According to Lise Eliot gender stereotyp...

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Briefly describe Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH). How is the gender identity of genetic females with CAH similar to or different from non-CAH females?

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CAH is a condition in which the body ove...

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Heritability estimates are calculated by ______.


A) comparing the similarity of monozygotic and dizygotic twins
B) correlating the presence of specific genes with traits in a population
C) manipulating the social environment in which dizygotic twins are raised
D) administering hormones to one twin in a monozygotic pair

E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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Which of the following is the best example of a passive gene-by-environment interaction?


A) a genetically aggressive person choosing to consume violent media
B) a child with an active temperament who elicits rough-and-tumble play from his peers
C) genetically athletic parents who begin athletic training for their children at an early age
D) strengthened neural connections due to early experiences of aggressive play

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Correct Answer

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What does it mean if the heritability estimate of conscientiousness in a population is .27?


A) Out of 100 people, approximately 27 will have inherited traits for high conscientiousness
B) Twenty-seven percent of an individual's conscientiousness traits are explained by his or her genes.
C) Genes explain 27% of the population variance in conscientiousness
D) Twenty-seven percent of the population will have conscientiousness traits explained entirely by their genes.

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

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Juan is reading an academic article claiming that the heritability of intelligence is approximately 63%. He interprets this as meaning that in explaining the average person's intelligence, roughly 63% of that persons intelligence is inherited or caused by their genes. It is Juan's interpretation correct? Why or why not?

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No, heritability estimates ind...

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