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Discuss how intuition has been important to many discoveries in science. In so doing, include the accomplishments of Bohr, Newton, and Einstein.

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Many people had pondered atoms and how t...

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All elements in any column in the periodic table of elements


A) have very little in common.
B) form a compound known as a salt.
C) are alkaline earth metals.
D) have similar chemical properties.
E) are noble gases.

F) None of the above
G) A) and B)

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Why is argon used as the gas "filler" in incandescent light bulbs (light bulbs with glowing filaments)? What would happen if hydrogen were used instead?

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Argon is a noble gas, which means that i...

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The fundamental building block for all matter, which is the smallest representative sample of a substance that maintains chemical identity, is called


A) an atom.
B) an element.
C) a molecule.
D) an electron.
E) a chemical compound.

F) C) and D)
G) B) and D)

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Even though we do not have a sample of the Sun's interior, we think that it is composed of a significant amount of H and He. What observations and their physical principles support this hypothesis?

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Each light frequency represent...

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An electrically neutral particle in the nucleus is called


A) a nucleus.
B) a proton.
C) an electron.
D) an ion.
E) a neutron.

F) B) and E)
G) A) and B)

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E

What is an atom's spectrum?


A) the total number of photons an atom can contain
B) sum of photons an atom will emit
C) the atomic mass of the atom
D) the atom's place in the periodic table
E) the allowed orbit closest to the nucleus

F) D) and E)
G) A) and C)

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Electrons in the Bohr atom shift to a higher energy level by


A) absorbing the energy of light or heat.
B) reflecting the energy of heat or light.
C) emitting a photon.
D) radiating an electromagnetic wave.
E) stubbornly refusing to change energy states.

F) A) and E)
G) None of the above

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A

Describe the difference in the atomic number and number of electrons in typical hydrogen and helium atoms and their chemical effects.

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Hydrogen has one proton in its nucleus a...

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What would be different in our lives today if lasers had not been developed?

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Without lasers the following would not exist: optical scanners in the checkout lines, light pointers in lectures, certain types of surgery, assessment of continental drift, measuring the height of Mt. Everest, tunnel surveys to exacting precision, earthquake prediction, certain industrial tools, pollution detection equipment, and some military weapons. In general, from the point of view of a scientist, lasers enabled extremely precise measurements of atomic structures and properties of materials.

"Allowed orbits" is a phrase applied to the


A) electrons in Rutherford's model of the atom.
B) protons in Dalton's model of the atom.
C) electrons in Bohr's model of the atom.
D) protons in Thompson's experiments.
E) neutrons in Mendeleev's periodic table of elements.

F) B) and D)
G) A) and D)

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From the periodic table, the elements iron (26), cobalt (27), and nickel (28) are grouped in the same row. How are those three elements similar? How are they different?

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They are similar in that they are all me...

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Describe the origin of table salt in terms of the columns of the periodic table where the component elements come from.

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Sodium chloride (table salt) is composed...

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In the periodic table of the elements, the period refers to the


A) energy level of the electrons.
B) number of neutrons.
C) number of protons.
D) atomic mass of the atom.
E) mass of the photons emitted by the atom.

F) A) and B)
G) All of the above

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Explain the physical principles that allow an electric stove's burner to glow (give off light) when heated.

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Input of electrical energy cau...

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Describe how spectroscopy is applied to practical problems in everyday life.

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Spectroscopy is the study of the charact...

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Describe how ultraviolet "black" light causes some material to glow while sunlight or light from a typical light bulb will not.

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Ultraviolet light causes excit...

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When two or more atoms combine chemically this forms the basic constituent of many different kinds of material, which is called


A) uncuttable.
B) an element.
C) a molecule.
D) an electron.
E) water.

F) A) and C)
G) A) and E)

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Each electron shell corresponds to a different


A) number of charges on each electron.
B) chemical element or compound.
C) ion or group of ions.
D) atom or molecule.
E) electron energy level.

F) None of the above
G) C) and D)

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What is electrolysis and how is it related to the battery?

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Electrolysis is literally "splitting by ...

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